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<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Orthodrome</span></h1>
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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content mw-content-ltr" lang="de" dir="ltr"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="de" dir="ltr"><p>Die <b>Orthodrome</b> (von <span style="font-style:normal;font-weight:normal"><a href="Altgriechische_Sprache" title="Altgriechische Sprache">altgriechisch</a></span> <span lang="grc-Grek" class="Grek" style="font-style:normal">ὀρθοδρόμος</span> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r261937631">
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</style><span class="Latn" lang="grc-Latn" style="font-weight:normal;font-style:italic">orthodrómos</span>, deutsch <span lang="de" style="font-style:normal;font-weight:normal">‚gradaus laufend‘</span>)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ist die kürzeste Verbindung zweier <a href="Punkt_(Geometrie)" title="Punkt (Geometrie)">Punkte</a> auf einer <a href="Kugel" title="Kugel">Kugel<u>oberfläche</u></a> (d.&nbsp;h. <i>nicht die gerade Strecke</i> durch die Kugel hindurch).
</p><p>Die Orthodrome ist eine <a href="Geod%C3%A4te" title="Geodäte">Geodäte</a> für den speziellen Fall einer Kugeloberfläche. Die Orthodrome ist immer ein Teilstück eines <a href="Gro%C3%9Fkreis" title="Großkreis">Großkreises</a>. In der <a href="Luftfahrt" title="Luftfahrt">Luftfahrt</a> fliegt man meist entlang dieser Orthodrome, um die geringste Flugstrecke zurücklegen zu können. Die umgangssprachlich häufiger gebrauchte synonyme Bezeichnung ist daher <a href="Luftlinie" title="Luftlinie">Luftlinie</a>.
</p>

<div class="tright" style="clear:none;"></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Definitionsbeschränkung"><span id="Definitionsbeschr.C3.A4nkung"></span>Definitionsbeschränkung</h2></div>
<p>Die Orthodrome ist nicht definiert, wenn die gegebenen Punkte übereinstimmen oder auf der Kugeloberfläche gegenüberliegen (auf der Erdoberfläche also für antipode Punkte).
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Berechnung">Berechnung</h2></div>
<p>Grundlage für die folgenden Berechnungen sind die Formeln aus der <a href="Sph%C3%A4rische_Trigonometrie" title="Sphärische Trigonometrie">sphärischen Trigonometrie</a>.
</p>
<table class="wikitable">

<tbody><tr class="hintergrundfarbe8">
<th>Verwendete Variablen
</th>
<th>Bedeutung
</th></tr>
<tr>
<td><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \,\phi }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mi>ϕ<!-- ϕ --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \,\phi }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/2691650573917bbe9b3d1c28ecfb49275110d16c.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:1.773ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \,\phi }" loading="lazy"></span></td>
<td><a href="Geographische_Breite" title="Geographische Breite">Geographische Breite</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \,\lambda }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mi>λ<!-- λ --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \,\lambda }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/a4fb547bf232593dc98e480402a274f1746d8a4a.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.742ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \,\lambda }" loading="lazy"></span></td>
<td><a href="Geographische_L%C3%A4nge" title="Geographische Länge">Geographische Länge</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \,A(\phi _{A},\lambda _{A})}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mi>A</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mi>ϕ<!-- ϕ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>A</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mi>λ<!-- λ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>A</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \,A(\phi _{A},\lambda _{A})}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/28c150677100e4804c81765a6d091fceb1c0e24d.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:10.644ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \,A(\phi _{A},\lambda _{A})}" loading="lazy"></span></td>
<td>Anfangspunkt
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \,B(\phi _{B},\lambda _{B})}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mi>B</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mi>ϕ<!-- ϕ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>B</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mi>λ<!-- λ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>B</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \,B(\phi _{B},\lambda _{B})}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/1c3d6de27034566ec99343e064dcfd4db41a7884.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:10.694ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \,B(\phi _{B},\lambda _{B})}" loading="lazy"></span></td>
<td>Endpunkt
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \,N}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mi>N</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \,N}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/3d76de4670e50d6ff69434e1846142af7f347769.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.451ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \,N}" loading="lazy"></span></td>
<td>Nordpol
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \,\zeta }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mi>ζ<!-- ζ --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \,\zeta }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/ac437a0081335ce8739dab91420f33c18c792ffd.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:1.482ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \,\zeta }" loading="lazy"></span></td>
<td><a href="Kreiswinkel" title="Kreiswinkel">Zentriwinkel</a> (Strecke AB, ausgedrückt als Winkel)
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \,\alpha }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mi>α<!-- α --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \,\alpha }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/45cf7b24ed5cba42772b015ce792d90a01a8f252.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.875ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \,\alpha }" loading="lazy"></span></td>
<td>Innenwinkel von Dreieck ABN bei A
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \,\beta }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mi>β<!-- β --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \,\beta }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/b45b56b447b4c0bc4a90529345b3260202f5bf96.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:1.719ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \,\beta }" loading="lazy"></span></td>
<td>Innenwinkel von Dreieck ABN bei B
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \,\omega _{A}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<msub>
<mi>ω<!-- ω --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>A</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \,\omega _{A}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/005713108777a3618922edc5579ba90f0d737a14.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:3.298ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \,\omega _{A}}" loading="lazy"></span></td>
<td><a href="Kurswinkel" title="Kurswinkel">Kurswinkel</a> bei A
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \,\omega _{B}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<msub>
<mi>ω<!-- ω --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>B</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \,\omega _{B}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/e74e77eeb4ffada4865e880b27e51c3ecb7f52a7.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:3.313ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \,\omega _{B}}" loading="lazy"></span></td>
<td>Kurswinkel bei B
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \,P_{N}(\phi _{N},\lambda _{N})}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<msub>
<mi>P</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>N</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mi>ϕ<!-- ϕ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>N</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mi>λ<!-- λ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>N</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \,P_{N}(\phi _{N},\lambda _{N})}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/13cfc125c62e04de9b44ebfcff5dfb0e738b22ec.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:12.538ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \,P_{N}(\phi _{N},\lambda _{N})}" loading="lazy"></span><br><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \,P_{S}(\phi _{S},\lambda _{S})}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<msub>
<mi>P</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>S</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mi>ϕ<!-- ϕ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>S</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mi>λ<!-- λ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>S</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \,P_{S}(\phi _{S},\lambda _{S})}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/c73babc600863c52ba2ec2a5f2cda25d597400fd.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:11.34ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \,P_{S}(\phi _{S},\lambda _{S})}" loading="lazy"></span>
</td>
<td>Nördlichster oder südlichster Punkt der Orthodrome
</td></tr></tbody></table>
<p>Dabei ist <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \,\lambda }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mi>λ<!-- λ --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \,\lambda }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/a4fb547bf232593dc98e480402a274f1746d8a4a.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.742ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \,\lambda }" loading="lazy"></span> in Richtung Westen negativ, Richtung Osten positiv; <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \,\phi }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mi>ϕ<!-- ϕ --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \,\phi }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/2691650573917bbe9b3d1c28ecfb49275110d16c.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:1.773ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \,\phi }" loading="lazy"></span> ist positiv für Breiten der Nordhemisphäre und negativ auf der Südhalbkugel.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Strecke">Strecke</h3></div>
<p>Als Maß für die Entfernung zweier Punkte dient in der <a href="Sph%C3%A4rische_Geometrie" title="Sphärische Geometrie">sphärischen Geometrie</a> der zugehörige Mittelpunktswinkel (mit dem Kugelmittelpunkt als Scheitel). Dieser Winkel, hier mit <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \zeta }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>ζ<!-- ζ --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \zeta }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/d5c3916703cae7938143d38865f78f27faadd4ae.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:1.095ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \zeta }" loading="lazy"></span> bezeichnet,
lässt sich berechnen durch<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \cos \zeta =\sin(\phi _{A})\cdot \sin(\phi _{B})+\cos(\phi _{A})\cdot \cos(\phi _{B})\cdot \cos(\lambda _{B}-\lambda _{A}).}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>cos</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mi>ζ<!-- ζ --></mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>sin</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mi>ϕ<!-- ϕ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>A</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mi>sin</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mi>ϕ<!-- ϕ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>B</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>+</mo>
<mi>cos</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mi>ϕ<!-- ϕ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>A</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mi>cos</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mi>ϕ<!-- ϕ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>B</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mi>cos</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mi>λ<!-- λ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>B</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<msub>
<mi>λ<!-- λ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>A</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>.</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \cos \zeta =\sin(\phi _{A})\cdot \sin(\phi _{B})+\cos(\phi _{A})\cdot \cos(\phi _{B})\cdot \cos(\lambda _{B}-\lambda _{A}).}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/24d73c954b964f8e117b59c7ca5ffc78489cb9a0.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:60.233ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \cos \zeta =\sin(\phi _{A})\cdot \sin(\phi _{B})+\cos(\phi _{A})\cdot \cos(\phi _{B})\cdot \cos(\lambda _{B}-\lambda _{A}).}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Sind die gegebenen Punkte gleich, so erhält man durch diese Formel <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \zeta =0^{\circ }}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>ζ<!-- ζ --></mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<msup>
<mn>0</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>∘<!-- ∘ --></mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \zeta =0^{\circ }}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/ffb9a588a5911334b98709f415afb99a0359325b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:6.41ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \zeta =0^{\circ }}" loading="lazy"></span>. Liegen die beiden Punkte auf der Kugeloberfläche gegenüber, so ergibt sich <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \zeta =180^{\circ }}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>ζ<!-- ζ --></mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<msup>
<mn>180</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>∘<!-- ∘ --></mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \zeta =180^{\circ }}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/a7fd381580d58d54719b203be0122f135e64c51f.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:8.735ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \zeta =180^{\circ }}" loading="lazy"></span>. In diesen Fällen sind Kurswinkel und die Lage der Orthodrome nicht definiert.
</p><p>Um die <i>Distanz</i> zwischen den zwei Punkten zu berechnen, muss <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \zeta }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>ζ<!-- ζ --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \zeta }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/d5c3916703cae7938143d38865f78f27faadd4ae.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:1.095ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \zeta }" loading="lazy"></span> noch mit dem mittleren <a href="Erdradius" title="Erdradius">Erdradius</a> (rund 6.371&nbsp;km) multipliziert werden (für <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \zeta }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>ζ<!-- ζ --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \zeta }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/d5c3916703cae7938143d38865f78f27faadd4ae.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:1.095ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \zeta }" loading="lazy"></span> im <a href="Bogenma%C3%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="Bogenmaß">Bogenmaß</a>; falls <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \zeta }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>ζ<!-- ζ --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \zeta }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/d5c3916703cae7938143d38865f78f27faadd4ae.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:1.095ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \zeta }" loading="lazy"></span> in Grad angegeben ist, muss noch zusätzlich mit <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \pi /180}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>/</mo>
</mrow>
<mn>180</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \pi /180}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/d59f044eb29a0bbffcc0cc9acb9877e6cd75093c.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:5.982ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \pi /180}" loading="lazy"></span>° multipliziert werden).
</p><p>Der Winkel <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \zeta }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>ζ<!-- ζ --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \zeta }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/d5c3916703cae7938143d38865f78f27faadd4ae.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:1.095ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \zeta }" loading="lazy"></span> kann über das <a href="Skalarprodukt" title="Skalarprodukt">Skalarprodukt</a> der <a href="Ortsvektor" title="Ortsvektor">Ortsvektoren</a> von <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle A}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>A</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle A}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/7daff47fa58cdfd29dc333def748ff5fa4c923e3.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.743ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle A}" loading="lazy"></span> und <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle B}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>B</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle B}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/47136aad860d145f75f3eed3022df827cee94d7a.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.764ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle B}" loading="lazy"></span> berechnet werden. Die obige Formel ergibt sich dann durch Umformungen mit Hilfe geometrischer Additionstheoreme für Sinus und Kosinus. Alternativ kann die Formel hergeleitet werden, indem der <a href="Sph%C3%A4rische_Trigonometrie#Seiten-Kosinussatz" title="Sphärische Trigonometrie">Seiten-Kosinussatz</a> der sphärischen Trigonometrie auf das aus den Punkten <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle A}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>A</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle A}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/7daff47fa58cdfd29dc333def748ff5fa4c923e3.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.743ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle A}" loading="lazy"></span> und <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle B}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>B</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle B}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/47136aad860d145f75f3eed3022df827cee94d7a.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.764ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle B}" loading="lazy"></span> und dem Nordpol gebildete Dreieck angewendet wird.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kurswinkel_und_rechtweisende_Kurse">Kurswinkel und rechtweisende Kurse</h3></div>
<p>Der <a href="Kurswinkel" title="Kurswinkel">Kurswinkel</a> (das Azimut) gibt die Bewegungsrichtung an und wird ab Nordrichtung im Uhrzeigersinn gezählt. Zur Berechnung kann man für die nicht-trivialen Fälle das oben erwähnte Dreieck verwenden. <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \alpha }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>α<!-- α --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \alpha }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/b79333175c8b3f0840bfb4ec41b8072c83ea88d3.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.488ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \alpha }" loading="lazy"></span> und <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \beta }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>β<!-- β --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \beta }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/7ed48a5e36207156fb792fa79d29925d2f7901e8.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:1.332ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \beta }" loading="lazy"></span> seien die Innenwinkel dieses Dreiecks bei A bzw. B (mit <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle 0^{\circ }<\alpha ,\beta <180^{\circ }}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mn>0</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>∘<!-- ∘ --></mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>&lt;</mo>
<mi>α<!-- α --></mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>β<!-- β --></mi>
<mo>&lt;</mo>
<msup>
<mn>180</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>∘<!-- ∘ --></mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle 0^{\circ }&lt;\alpha ,\beta &lt;180^{\circ }}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/ed3f9021298dff3dce7a111eec39c736ebe05276.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:16.809ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle 0^{\circ }<\alpha ,\beta <180^{\circ }}" loading="lazy"></span>). Sie können z.&nbsp;B. mithilfe des Seiten-Kosinussatzes berechnet werden.
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \cos \alpha ={\frac {\sin(\phi _{B})-\sin(\phi _{A})\cdot \cos \zeta }{\cos(\phi _{A})\cdot \sin \zeta }}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>cos</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mi>α<!-- α --></mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mi>sin</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mi>ϕ<!-- ϕ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>B</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>sin</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mi>ϕ<!-- ϕ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>A</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mi>cos</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mi>ζ<!-- ζ --></mi>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mi>cos</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mi>ϕ<!-- ϕ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>A</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mi>sin</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mi>ζ<!-- ζ --></mi>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \cos \alpha ={\frac {\sin(\phi _{B})-\sin(\phi _{A})\cdot \cos \zeta }{\cos(\phi _{A})\cdot \sin \zeta }}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/dfc57f2a2f61acfeddf38e593606a408231ebc50.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.671ex; width:33.078ex; height:6.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \cos \alpha ={\frac {\sin(\phi _{B})-\sin(\phi _{A})\cdot \cos \zeta }{\cos(\phi _{A})\cdot \sin \zeta }}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \cos \beta ={\frac {\sin(\phi _{A})-\sin(\phi _{B})\cdot \cos \zeta }{\cos(\phi _{B})\cdot \sin \zeta }}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>cos</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mi>β<!-- β --></mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mi>sin</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mi>ϕ<!-- ϕ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>A</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>sin</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mi>ϕ<!-- ϕ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>B</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mi>cos</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mi>ζ<!-- ζ --></mi>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mi>cos</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mi>ϕ<!-- ϕ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>B</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mi>sin</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mi>ζ<!-- ζ --></mi>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \cos \beta ={\frac {\sin(\phi _{A})-\sin(\phi _{B})\cdot \cos \zeta }{\cos(\phi _{B})\cdot \sin \zeta }}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/2a4ce5d24a56c566ab9d3a968dce8f079555fc22.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.671ex; width:32.923ex; height:6.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \cos \beta ={\frac {\sin(\phi _{A})-\sin(\phi _{B})\cdot \cos \zeta }{\cos(\phi _{B})\cdot \sin \zeta }}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Fällt einer der gegebenen Punkte mit dem Nord- oder Südpol zusammen, so ist die entsprechende Gleichung wegen Division durch 0 unbrauchbar.
</p><p>Die beiden Parameter <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \alpha }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>α<!-- α --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \alpha }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/b79333175c8b3f0840bfb4ec41b8072c83ea88d3.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.488ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \alpha }" loading="lazy"></span> und <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \beta }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>β<!-- β --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \beta }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/7ed48a5e36207156fb792fa79d29925d2f7901e8.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:1.332ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \beta }" loading="lazy"></span> lassen sich auch direkt aus den Breiten- und Längengraden <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \phi _{A}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>ϕ<!-- ϕ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>A</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \phi _{A}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/5e38d84dcc21ea769a51ab502691f566c830b430.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.85ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \phi _{A}}" loading="lazy"></span> bzw. <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \phi _{B}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>ϕ<!-- ϕ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>B</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \phi _{B}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/a829a7a85bb29904dec5e93605d0b976baf45755.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.865ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \phi _{B}}" loading="lazy"></span> und <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \lambda _{A}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>λ<!-- λ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>A</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \lambda _{A}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/1a3bcf5b35ccd34136b0529d005ffa35e142f2da.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.82ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \lambda _{A}}" loading="lazy"></span> bzw. <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \lambda _{B}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>λ<!-- λ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>B</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \lambda _{B}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/fdd311fe1d407d5c51537b4b7fa8063053c7958f.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.835ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \lambda _{B}}" loading="lazy"></span> bestimmen:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \cos \alpha ={\frac {\cos(\phi _{A})\cdot \sin(\phi _{B})-\cos(\lambda _{A}-\lambda _{B})\cdot \cos(\phi _{B})\cdot \sin(\phi _{A})}{\sqrt {1-(\cos(\lambda _{A}-\lambda _{B})\cdot \cos(\phi _{A})\cdot \cos(\phi _{B})+\sin(\phi _{A})\cdot \sin(\phi _{B}))^{2}}}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>cos</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mi>α<!-- α --></mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mi>cos</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mi>ϕ<!-- ϕ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>A</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mi>sin</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mi>ϕ<!-- ϕ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>B</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>cos</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mi>λ<!-- λ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>A</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<msub>
<mi>λ<!-- λ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>B</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mi>cos</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mi>ϕ<!-- ϕ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>B</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mi>sin</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mi>ϕ<!-- ϕ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>A</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
<msqrt>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>cos</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mi>λ<!-- λ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>A</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<msub>
<mi>λ<!-- λ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>B</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mi>cos</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mi>ϕ<!-- ϕ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>A</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mi>cos</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mi>ϕ<!-- ϕ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>B</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>+</mo>
<mi>sin</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mi>ϕ<!-- ϕ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>A</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mi>sin</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mi>ϕ<!-- ϕ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>B</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<msup>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</msqrt>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \cos \alpha ={\frac {\cos(\phi _{A})\cdot \sin(\phi _{B})-\cos(\lambda _{A}-\lambda _{B})\cdot \cos(\phi _{B})\cdot \sin(\phi _{A})}{\sqrt {1-(\cos(\lambda _{A}-\lambda _{B})\cdot \cos(\phi _{A})\cdot \cos(\phi _{B})+\sin(\phi _{A})\cdot \sin(\phi _{B}))^{2}}}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/8f002fdf233907ef35c8b77910834b54c8442f0a.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.171ex; width:70.005ex; height:7.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \cos \alpha ={\frac {\cos(\phi _{A})\cdot \sin(\phi _{B})-\cos(\lambda _{A}-\lambda _{B})\cdot \cos(\phi _{B})\cdot \sin(\phi _{A})}{\sqrt {1-(\cos(\lambda _{A}-\lambda _{B})\cdot \cos(\phi _{A})\cdot \cos(\phi _{B})+\sin(\phi _{A})\cdot \sin(\phi _{B}))^{2}}}}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \cos \beta ={\frac {\cos(\phi _{B})\cdot \sin(\phi _{A})-\cos(\lambda _{A}-\lambda _{B})\cdot \cos(\phi _{A})\cdot \sin(\phi _{B})}{\sqrt {1-(\cos(\lambda _{A}-\lambda _{B})\cdot \cos(\phi _{A})\cdot \cos(\phi _{B})+\sin(\phi _{A})\cdot \sin(\phi _{B}))^{2}}}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>cos</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mi>β<!-- β --></mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mi>cos</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mi>ϕ<!-- ϕ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>B</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mi>sin</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mi>ϕ<!-- ϕ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>A</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>cos</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mi>λ<!-- λ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>A</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<msub>
<mi>λ<!-- λ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>B</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mi>cos</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mi>ϕ<!-- ϕ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>A</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mi>sin</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mi>ϕ<!-- ϕ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>B</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
<msqrt>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>cos</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mi>λ<!-- λ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>A</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<msub>
<mi>λ<!-- λ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>B</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mi>cos</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mi>ϕ<!-- ϕ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>A</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mi>cos</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mi>ϕ<!-- ϕ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>B</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>+</mo>
<mi>sin</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mi>ϕ<!-- ϕ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>A</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mi>sin</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mi>ϕ<!-- ϕ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>B</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<msup>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</msqrt>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \cos \beta ={\frac {\cos(\phi _{B})\cdot \sin(\phi _{A})-\cos(\lambda _{A}-\lambda _{B})\cdot \cos(\phi _{A})\cdot \sin(\phi _{B})}{\sqrt {1-(\cos(\lambda _{A}-\lambda _{B})\cdot \cos(\phi _{A})\cdot \cos(\phi _{B})+\sin(\phi _{A})\cdot \sin(\phi _{B}))^{2}}}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f9e25b3b2f13c4b04462037022c0739ea5b772ed.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.171ex; width:69.85ex; height:7.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \cos \beta ={\frac {\cos(\phi _{B})\cdot \sin(\phi _{A})-\cos(\lambda _{A}-\lambda _{B})\cdot \cos(\phi _{A})\cdot \sin(\phi _{B})}{\sqrt {1-(\cos(\lambda _{A}-\lambda _{B})\cdot \cos(\phi _{A})\cdot \cos(\phi _{B})+\sin(\phi _{A})\cdot \sin(\phi _{B}))^{2}}}}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<dl><dt>Kurswinkel</dt></dl>
<p>Für die Kurswinkel <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \omega _{A}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>ω<!-- ω --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>A</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \omega _{A}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/6edaeab4afc26cfafacb8ad0b72cdcacbfe76f7c.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.911ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \omega _{A}}" loading="lazy"></span> (am Anfangspunkt) und <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \omega _{B}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>ω<!-- ω --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>B</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \omega _{B}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/a45dc41211d296979700bf741caa3335023fa597.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.925ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \omega _{B}}" loading="lazy"></span> (am Endpunkt) gilt <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle 0^{\circ }\leq \omega _{A},\omega _{B}<360^{\circ }}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mn>0</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>∘<!-- ∘ --></mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>≤<!-- ≤ --></mo>
<msub>
<mi>ω<!-- ω --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>A</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mi>ω<!-- ω --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>B</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>&lt;</mo>
<msup>
<mn>360</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>∘<!-- ∘ --></mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle 0^{\circ }\leq \omega _{A},\omega _{B}&lt;360^{\circ }}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/b2d5752d2b3ee4332be850712f9107e4a2568610.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:19.825ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle 0^{\circ }\leq \omega _{A},\omega _{B}<360^{\circ }}" loading="lazy"></span>. Es ergibt sich:
</p>
<table class="wikitable">

<tbody><tr class="hintergrundfarbe8">
<th>Voraussetzung
</th>
<th>Kurswinkel bei A
</th>
<th>Kurswinkel bei B
</th></tr>
<tr>
<td>B östlich von A</td>
<td><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \omega _{A}=\alpha }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>ω<!-- ω --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>A</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>α<!-- α --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \omega _{A}=\alpha }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/dae56334505112ef64aa911dd8086f6ccc3b65fa.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:7.497ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \omega _{A}=\alpha }" loading="lazy"></span></td>
<td><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \omega _{B}=180^{\circ }-\beta }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>ω<!-- ω --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>B</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<msup>
<mn>180</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>∘<!-- ∘ --></mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>β<!-- β --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \omega _{B}=180^{\circ }-\beta }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/189f1225796f7ce557a89788fad30b784c8a71ef.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:14.738ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \omega _{B}=180^{\circ }-\beta }" loading="lazy"></span>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>B westlich von A</td>
<td><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \omega _{A}=360^{\circ }-\alpha }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>ω<!-- ω --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>A</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<msup>
<mn>360</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>∘<!-- ∘ --></mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>α<!-- α --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \omega _{A}=360^{\circ }-\alpha }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/784b27c4f19674f4d8dc5fd3b69f36f7f2e2eb33.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:14.879ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \omega _{A}=360^{\circ }-\alpha }" loading="lazy"></span></td>
<td><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \omega _{B}=180^{\circ }+\beta }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>ω<!-- ω --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>B</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<msup>
<mn>180</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>∘<!-- ∘ --></mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>+</mo>
<mi>β<!-- β --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \omega _{B}=180^{\circ }+\beta }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/c4d952e6e4845588ea89ff2315b4d773ae827e4b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:14.738ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \omega _{B}=180^{\circ }+\beta }" loading="lazy"></span>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>Gleicher Meridian, B nördlich von A</td>
<td><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \omega _{A}=0^{\circ }}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>ω<!-- ω --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>A</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<msup>
<mn>0</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>∘<!-- ∘ --></mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \omega _{A}=0^{\circ }}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/9f8ac992e45831c0c69ad600a948d76720c75f86.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:8.226ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \omega _{A}=0^{\circ }}" loading="lazy"></span></td>
<td><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \omega _{B}=0^{\circ }}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>ω<!-- ω --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>B</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<msup>
<mn>0</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>∘<!-- ∘ --></mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \omega _{B}=0^{\circ }}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/0afb76ad3b4447430a00865434fa1bafc75e7600.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:8.241ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \omega _{B}=0^{\circ }}" loading="lazy"></span>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>Gleicher Meridian, B südlich von A</td>
<td><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \omega _{A}=180^{\circ }}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>ω<!-- ω --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>A</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<msup>
<mn>180</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>∘<!-- ∘ --></mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \omega _{A}=180^{\circ }}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/d9b45c4b58fcfb753a17acec588106765e1c1169.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:10.551ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \omega _{A}=180^{\circ }}" loading="lazy"></span></td>
<td><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \omega _{B}=180^{\circ }}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>ω<!-- ω --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>B</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<msup>
<mn>180</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>∘<!-- ∘ --></mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \omega _{B}=180^{\circ }}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f72eb976ff94ef63c448bd1ea9ad49defb00228b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:10.565ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \omega _{B}=180^{\circ }}" loading="lazy"></span>
</td></tr></tbody></table>
<dl><dt>Rechtweisende Kurse A → B (Hinweg)</dt></dl>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle rwK_{A}=\omega _{A}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>r</mi>
<mi>w</mi>
<msub>
<mi>K</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>A</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<msub>
<mi>ω<!-- ω --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>A</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle rwK_{A}=\omega _{A}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/564e98560f4a322d1b3cd2b5955785d78b6b6be9.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:12.16ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle rwK_{A}=\omega _{A}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle rwK_{B}=\omega _{B}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>r</mi>
<mi>w</mi>
<msub>
<mi>K</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>B</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<msub>
<mi>ω<!-- ω --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>B</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle rwK_{B}=\omega _{B}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/ac72a8089893929a513b2dc4fb6333bc8f1f15a9.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:12.189ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle rwK_{B}=\omega _{B}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<dl><dt>Rechtweisende Kurse B → A (Rückweg)</dt></dl>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle rwK_{B}'=\omega _{B}\pm 180^{\circ }}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>r</mi>
<mi>w</mi>
<msubsup>
<mi>K</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>B</mi>
</mrow>
<mo>′</mo>
</msubsup>
<mo>=</mo>
<msub>
<mi>ω<!-- ω --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>B</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>±<!-- ± --></mo>
<msup>
<mn>180</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>∘<!-- ∘ --></mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle rwK_{B}'=\omega _{B}\pm 180^{\circ }}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/1aa37fea49f32b5bfee2a62e656edcd7a685dc8d.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:19.571ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle rwK_{B}'=\omega _{B}\pm 180^{\circ }}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle rwK_{A}'=\omega _{A}\pm 180^{\circ }}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>r</mi>
<mi>w</mi>
<msubsup>
<mi>K</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>A</mi>
</mrow>
<mo>′</mo>
</msubsup>
<mo>=</mo>
<msub>
<mi>ω<!-- ω --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>A</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>±<!-- ± --></mo>
<msup>
<mn>180</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>∘<!-- ∘ --></mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle rwK_{A}'=\omega _{A}\pm 180^{\circ }}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/41328e6c9d998634ddd0b144cf99ccbdedbe2305.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:19.542ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle rwK_{A}'=\omega _{A}\pm 180^{\circ }}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Das Rechenzeichen (<span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle +}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo>+</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle +}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/fe6ef363cd19902d1a7a71fb1c8b21e8ede52406.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.505ex; width:1.808ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle +}" loading="lazy"></span> oder <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle -}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle -}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/04bd52ce670743d3b61bec928a7ec9f47309eb36.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.505ex; width:1.808ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle -}" loading="lazy"></span>) ist hier so zu wählen, dass <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle 0^{\circ }\leq rwK_{B}',rwK_{A}'<360^{\circ }}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mn>0</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>∘<!-- ∘ --></mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>≤<!-- ≤ --></mo>
<mi>r</mi>
<mi>w</mi>
<msubsup>
<mi>K</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>B</mi>
</mrow>
<mo>′</mo>
</msubsup>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>r</mi>
<mi>w</mi>
<msubsup>
<mi>K</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>A</mi>
</mrow>
<mo>′</mo>
</msubsup>
<mo>&lt;</mo>
<msup>
<mn>360</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>∘<!-- ∘ --></mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle 0^{\circ }\leq rwK_{B}',rwK_{A}'&lt;360^{\circ }}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/da921e382da36595cd2304c464ae848b4369181f.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:26.305ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle 0^{\circ }\leq rwK_{B}',rwK_{A}'<360^{\circ }}" loading="lazy"></span> erfüllt ist.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nördlichster_oder_südlichster_Punkt"><span id="N.C3.B6rdlichster_oder_s.C3.BCdlichster_Punkt"></span>Nördlichster oder südlichster Punkt</h3></div>

<p>Ob eine Orthodrome zwischen den Grenzpunkten einen nördlichsten oder südlichsten Punkt (Scheitelpunkt) hat, hängt vom Kurswinkel am Anfangspunkt (<span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \omega _{A}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>ω<!-- ω --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>A</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \omega _{A}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/6edaeab4afc26cfafacb8ad0b72cdcacbfe76f7c.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.911ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \omega _{A}}" loading="lazy"></span>) und am Endpunkt (<span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \omega _{B}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>ω<!-- ω --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>B</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \omega _{B}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/a45dc41211d296979700bf741caa3335023fa597.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.925ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \omega _{B}}" loading="lazy"></span>) ab.
</p><p>Ein nördlicher Scheitelpunkt existiert, wenn entweder zugleich <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle 0^{\circ }<\omega _{A}<90^{\circ }}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mn>0</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>∘<!-- ∘ --></mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>&lt;</mo>
<msub>
<mi>ω<!-- ω --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>A</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>&lt;</mo>
<msup>
<mn>90</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>∘<!-- ∘ --></mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle 0^{\circ }&lt;\omega _{A}&lt;90^{\circ }}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/91b33252a1aef3d779e9627d83dbb7ee0b63b277.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:14.703ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle 0^{\circ }<\omega _{A}<90^{\circ }}" loading="lazy"></span> und <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle 90^{\circ }<\omega _{B}<180^{\circ }}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mn>90</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>∘<!-- ∘ --></mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>&lt;</mo>
<msub>
<mi>ω<!-- ω --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>B</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>&lt;</mo>
<msup>
<mn>180</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>∘<!-- ∘ --></mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle 90^{\circ }&lt;\omega _{B}&lt;180^{\circ }}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/4d495c48d668be258e8e98789d8fa6f6d20ba521.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:17.043ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle 90^{\circ }<\omega _{B}<180^{\circ }}" loading="lazy"></span> oder zugleich <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle 270^{\circ }<\omega _{A}<360^{\circ }}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mn>270</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>∘<!-- ∘ --></mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>&lt;</mo>
<msub>
<mi>ω<!-- ω --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>A</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>&lt;</mo>
<msup>
<mn>360</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>∘<!-- ∘ --></mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle 270^{\circ }&lt;\omega _{A}&lt;360^{\circ }}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/5304a1ba404cddaf79d680a8f5fae11d36fc4804.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:18.191ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle 270^{\circ }<\omega _{A}<360^{\circ }}" loading="lazy"></span> und <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle 180^{\circ }<\omega _{B}<270^{\circ }}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mn>180</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>∘<!-- ∘ --></mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>&lt;</mo>
<msub>
<mi>ω<!-- ω --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>B</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>&lt;</mo>
<msup>
<mn>270</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>∘<!-- ∘ --></mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle 180^{\circ }&lt;\omega _{B}&lt;270^{\circ }}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/76b1dbd0759ebc9541c0f804f284e3c1293b5271.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:18.206ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle 180^{\circ }<\omega _{B}<270^{\circ }}" loading="lazy"></span> gilt. Man erhält unter dieser Voraussetzung:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \phi _{N}=\arccos \left(|\sin(\omega _{A})|\cdot \cos(\phi _{A})\right)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>ϕ<!-- ϕ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>N</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>arccos</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<mi>sin</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mi>ω<!-- ω --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>A</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mi>cos</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mi>ϕ<!-- ϕ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>A</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \phi _{N}=\arccos \left(|\sin(\omega _{A})|\cdot \cos(\phi _{A})\right)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/c8222585aa7e87c2c88c6065f20bd4a9361c4f9c.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:32.908ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \phi _{N}=\arccos \left(|\sin(\omega _{A})|\cdot \cos(\phi _{A})\right)}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \lambda _{N}=\left\{{\begin{array}{ll}\lambda _{A}+\arccos \left({\frac {\tan(\phi _{A})}{\tan(\phi _{N})}}\right),&amp;{\mbox{falls}}\;\omega _{A}<180^{\circ }\\\lambda _{A}-\arccos \left({\frac {\tan(\phi _{A})}{\tan(\phi _{N})}}\right),&amp;{\mbox{falls}}\;\omega _{A}>180^{\circ }\end{array}}\right.}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>λ<!-- λ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>N</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow>
<mo>{</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mtable columnalign="left left" rowspacing="4pt" columnspacing="1em">
<mtr>
<mtd>
<msub>
<mi>λ<!-- λ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>A</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>+</mo>
<mi>arccos</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mi>tan</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mi>ϕ<!-- ϕ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>A</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mi>tan</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mi>ϕ<!-- ϕ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>N</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
<mo>,</mo>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0">
<mtext>falls</mtext>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<mspace width="thickmathspace"></mspace>
<msub>
<mi>ω<!-- ω --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>A</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>&lt;</mo>
<msup>
<mn>180</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>∘<!-- ∘ --></mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd>
<msub>
<mi>λ<!-- λ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>A</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>arccos</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mi>tan</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mi>ϕ<!-- ϕ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>A</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mi>tan</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mi>ϕ<!-- ϕ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>N</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
<mo>,</mo>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0">
<mtext>falls</mtext>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<mspace width="thickmathspace"></mspace>
<msub>
<mi>ω<!-- ω --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>A</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>&gt;</mo>
<msup>
<mn>180</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>∘<!-- ∘ --></mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mtd>
</mtr>
</mtable>
</mrow>
<mo fence="true" stretchy="true" symmetric="true"></mo>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \lambda _{N}=\left\{{\begin{array}{ll}\lambda _{A}+\arccos \left({\frac {\tan(\phi _{A})}{\tan(\phi _{N})}}\right),&amp;{\mbox{falls}}\;\omega _{A}&lt;180^{\circ }\\\lambda _{A}-\arccos \left({\frac {\tan(\phi _{A})}{\tan(\phi _{N})}}\right),&amp;{\mbox{falls}}\;\omega _{A}&gt;180^{\circ }\end{array}}\right.}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/9b8bbf42182c6967bd64a8f6174ddb9c3d97a9f2.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -4.338ex; width:48.685ex; height:9.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \lambda _{N}=\left\{{\begin{array}{ll}\lambda _{A}+\arccos \left({\frac {\tan(\phi _{A})}{\tan(\phi _{N})}}\right),&amp;{\mbox{falls}}\;\omega _{A}<180^{\circ }\\\lambda _{A}-\arccos \left({\frac {\tan(\phi _{A})}{\tan(\phi _{N})}}\right),&amp;{\mbox{falls}}\;\omega _{A}>180^{\circ }\end{array}}\right.}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Ein südlicher Scheitelpunkt existiert, wenn entweder zugleich <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle 90^{\circ }<\omega _{A}<180^{\circ }}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mn>90</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>∘<!-- ∘ --></mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>&lt;</mo>
<msub>
<mi>ω<!-- ω --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>A</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>&lt;</mo>
<msup>
<mn>180</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>∘<!-- ∘ --></mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle 90^{\circ }&lt;\omega _{A}&lt;180^{\circ }}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f1a7ffc83301ba39e89b2a5a6a3310ba23cc53fb.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:17.028ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle 90^{\circ }<\omega _{A}<180^{\circ }}" loading="lazy"></span> und <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle 0^{\circ }<\omega _{B}<90^{\circ }}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mn>0</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>∘<!-- ∘ --></mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>&lt;</mo>
<msub>
<mi>ω<!-- ω --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>B</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>&lt;</mo>
<msup>
<mn>90</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>∘<!-- ∘ --></mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle 0^{\circ }&lt;\omega _{B}&lt;90^{\circ }}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/3f0caaad7b486783dcd157e4488cac8365f906fa.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:14.718ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle 0^{\circ }<\omega _{B}<90^{\circ }}" loading="lazy"></span> oder zugleich <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle 180^{\circ }<\omega _{A}<270^{\circ }}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mn>180</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>∘<!-- ∘ --></mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>&lt;</mo>
<msub>
<mi>ω<!-- ω --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>A</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>&lt;</mo>
<msup>
<mn>270</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>∘<!-- ∘ --></mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle 180^{\circ }&lt;\omega _{A}&lt;270^{\circ }}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/b85b3f58ac449e8f1d17cb1361bbb35d322291cd.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:18.191ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle 180^{\circ }<\omega _{A}<270^{\circ }}" loading="lazy"></span> und <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle 270^{\circ }<\omega _{B}<360^{\circ }}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mn>270</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>∘<!-- ∘ --></mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>&lt;</mo>
<msub>
<mi>ω<!-- ω --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>B</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>&lt;</mo>
<msup>
<mn>360</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>∘<!-- ∘ --></mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle 270^{\circ }&lt;\omega _{B}&lt;360^{\circ }}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/6a9bd2cf55002df6382889d002d6f65c5592f50c.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:18.206ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle 270^{\circ }<\omega _{B}<360^{\circ }}" loading="lazy"></span> gilt. In diesem Fall ergibt sich:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \phi _{S}=-\arccos \left(|\sin(\omega _{A})|\cdot \cos(\phi _{A})\right)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>ϕ<!-- ϕ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>S</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>arccos</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<mi>sin</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mi>ω<!-- ω --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>A</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mi>cos</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mi>ϕ<!-- ϕ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>A</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \phi _{S}=-\arccos \left(|\sin(\omega _{A})|\cdot \cos(\phi _{A})\right)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/79cf26cdd36f99af4487489afc99e199474e653c.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:34.704ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \phi _{S}=-\arccos \left(|\sin(\omega _{A})|\cdot \cos(\phi _{A})\right)}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \lambda _{S}=\left\{{\begin{array}{ll}\lambda _{A}+\arccos \left({\frac {\tan(\phi _{A})}{\tan(\phi _{S})}}\right),&amp;{\mbox{falls}}\;\omega _{A}<180^{\circ }\\\lambda _{A}-\arccos \left({\frac {\tan(\phi _{A})}{\tan(\phi _{S})}}\right),&amp;{\mbox{falls}}\;\omega _{A}>180^{\circ }\end{array}}\right.}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>λ<!-- λ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>S</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow>
<mo>{</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mtable columnalign="left left" rowspacing="4pt" columnspacing="1em">
<mtr>
<mtd>
<msub>
<mi>λ<!-- λ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>A</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>+</mo>
<mi>arccos</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mi>tan</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mi>ϕ<!-- ϕ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>A</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mi>tan</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mi>ϕ<!-- ϕ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>S</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
<mo>,</mo>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0">
<mtext>falls</mtext>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<mspace width="thickmathspace"></mspace>
<msub>
<mi>ω<!-- ω --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>A</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>&lt;</mo>
<msup>
<mn>180</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>∘<!-- ∘ --></mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd>
<msub>
<mi>λ<!-- λ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>A</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>arccos</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mi>tan</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mi>ϕ<!-- ϕ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>A</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mi>tan</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mi>ϕ<!-- ϕ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>S</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
<mo>,</mo>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0">
<mtext>falls</mtext>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<mspace width="thickmathspace"></mspace>
<msub>
<mi>ω<!-- ω --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>A</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>&gt;</mo>
<msup>
<mn>180</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>∘<!-- ∘ --></mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mtd>
</mtr>
</mtable>
</mrow>
<mo fence="true" stretchy="true" symmetric="true"></mo>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \lambda _{S}=\left\{{\begin{array}{ll}\lambda _{A}+\arccos \left({\frac {\tan(\phi _{A})}{\tan(\phi _{S})}}\right),&amp;{\mbox{falls}}\;\omega _{A}&lt;180^{\circ }\\\lambda _{A}-\arccos \left({\frac {\tan(\phi _{A})}{\tan(\phi _{S})}}\right),&amp;{\mbox{falls}}\;\omega _{A}&gt;180^{\circ }\end{array}}\right.}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/a9b38c832a0515b3fe12ff79bb4c99d0584881ee.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -4.338ex; width:48.102ex; height:9.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \lambda _{S}=\left\{{\begin{array}{ll}\lambda _{A}+\arccos \left({\frac {\tan(\phi _{A})}{\tan(\phi _{S})}}\right),&amp;{\mbox{falls}}\;\omega _{A}<180^{\circ }\\\lambda _{A}-\arccos \left({\frac {\tan(\phi _{A})}{\tan(\phi _{S})}}\right),&amp;{\mbox{falls}}\;\omega _{A}>180^{\circ }\end{array}}\right.}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Wegen der Festlegung <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle -180^{\circ }\leq \lambda \leq +180^{\circ }}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<msup>
<mn>180</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>∘<!-- ∘ --></mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>≤<!-- ≤ --></mo>
<mi>λ<!-- λ --></mi>
<mo>≤<!-- ≤ --></mo>
<mo>+</mo>
<msup>
<mn>180</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>∘<!-- ∘ --></mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle -180^{\circ }\leq \lambda \leq +180^{\circ }}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f763c34a8e3c5b65d0b6e7048cb7dfedab8ad76d.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.505ex; width:20.252ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle -180^{\circ }\leq \lambda \leq +180^{\circ }}" loading="lazy"></span> müssen die Ergebnisse für <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \lambda _{N}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>λ<!-- λ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>N</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \lambda _{N}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/595111953b67b8b3128ad3b7e568ff3f0f997be4.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:3.047ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \lambda _{N}}" loading="lazy"></span> und <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \lambda _{S}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>λ<!-- λ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>S</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \lambda _{S}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/70c223293a073261e7f22bea7e15a51105a0484a.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.648ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \lambda _{S}}" loading="lazy"></span> unter Umständen korrigiert werden: Bei Werten über <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle 180^{\circ }}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mn>180</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>∘<!-- ∘ --></mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle 180^{\circ }}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/c5d0431ce231935522dc0cb52df7f2b406cdadc3.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:4.542ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle 180^{\circ }}" loading="lazy"></span> muss <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle 360^{\circ }}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mn>360</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>∘<!-- ∘ --></mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle 360^{\circ }}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/cb451712d2b1f32ec132e9cf56eca04a64cad60e.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:4.542ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle 360^{\circ }}" loading="lazy"></span> subtrahiert werden, bei Werten unter <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle -180^{\circ }}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<msup>
<mn>180</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>∘<!-- ∘ --></mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle -180^{\circ }}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f12ebed2e52998103bdb41e615c5b0718766489f.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.505ex; width:6.35ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle -180^{\circ }}" loading="lazy"></span> muss <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle 360^{\circ }}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mn>360</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>∘<!-- ∘ --></mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle 360^{\circ }}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/cb451712d2b1f32ec132e9cf56eca04a64cad60e.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:4.542ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle 360^{\circ }}" loading="lazy"></span> addiert werden.
</p><p>Die Formeln lassen sich begründen durch Anwendung der <a href="Nepersche_Regel" class="mw-redirect" title="Nepersche Regel">neperschen Regel</a> auf das rechtwinklige Kugeldreieck, das durch Punkt A, den Scheitelpunkt und den Nordpol bestimmt ist.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Beispiel_Berechnung_der_Entfernung_Berlin–Tokio"><span id="Beispiel_Berechnung_der_Entfernung_Berlin.E2.80.93Tokio"></span>Beispiel Berechnung der Entfernung Berlin–Tokio</h2></div>
<p>Geographische Koordinaten der Anfangs- und Endpunkte:
</p>
<ul><li>Berlin
<ul><li>52° 31′ 0″ N = 52,517°</li>
<li>13° 24′ 0″ E = 13,40°</li></ul></li>
<li>Tokio
<ul><li>35° 42′ 0″ N = 35,70°</li>
<li>139° 46′ 0″ E = 139,767°</li></ul></li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Winkelberechnung">Winkelberechnung</h3></div>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \,\phi _{A}=52{,}517^{\circ }}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<msub>
<mi>ϕ<!-- ϕ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>A</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<msup>
<mn>52,517</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>∘<!-- ∘ --></mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \,\phi _{A}=52{,}517^{\circ }}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/965f6c69bebdc23f8eda36cfcbd31004e0f128a2.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:13.849ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \,\phi _{A}=52{,}517^{\circ }}" loading="lazy"></span></dd>
<dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \,\lambda _{A}=13{,}40^{\circ }}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<msub>
<mi>λ<!-- λ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>A</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>13</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>,</mo>
</mrow>
<msup>
<mn>40</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>∘<!-- ∘ --></mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \,\lambda _{A}=13{,}40^{\circ }}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/42959475de315df2710fffd5c59dfb634d0a82c5.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:12.657ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \,\lambda _{A}=13{,}40^{\circ }}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \,\phi _{B}=35{,}70^{\circ }}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<msub>
<mi>ϕ<!-- ϕ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>B</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>35</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>,</mo>
</mrow>
<msup>
<mn>70</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>∘<!-- ∘ --></mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \,\phi _{B}=35{,}70^{\circ }}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/30c4baa27185ec59250d586a11921b59cda0ca3a.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:12.701ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \,\phi _{B}=35{,}70^{\circ }}" loading="lazy"></span></dd>
<dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \,\lambda _{B}=139{,}767^{\circ }}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<msub>
<mi>λ<!-- λ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>B</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<msup>
<mn>139,767</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>∘<!-- ∘ --></mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \,\lambda _{B}=139{,}767^{\circ }}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/7e1ef3c68e9fc87af595ada3e27c0b1d05e529f4.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:14.996ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \,\lambda _{B}=139{,}767^{\circ }}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}\,\zeta &amp;=\arccos {\Big (}\sin(\phi _{A})\sin(\phi _{B})+\cos(\phi _{A})\cos(\phi _{B})\cos(\lambda _{B}-\lambda _{A}){\Big )}\\&amp;=\arccos {\Big (}\sin(52{,}517^{\circ })\sin(35{,}70^{\circ })+\cos(52{,}517^{\circ })\cos(35{,}70^{\circ })\cos(139{,}767^{\circ }-13{,}40^{\circ }){\Big )}\\&amp;=\arccos(0{,}79353\cdot 0{,}58354+0{,}60853\cdot 0{,}81208\cdot (-0{,}59296))\\&amp;=\arccos(0{,}1700)\\&amp;=80{,}212^{\circ }\end{aligned}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mtable columnalign="right left right left right left right left right left right left" rowspacing="3pt" columnspacing="0em 2em 0em 2em 0em 2em 0em 2em 0em 2em 0em" displaystyle="true">
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mi>ζ<!-- ζ --></mi>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mi></mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>arccos</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo maxsize="1.623em" minsize="1.623em">(</mo>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mi>sin</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mi>ϕ<!-- ϕ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>A</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mi>sin</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mi>ϕ<!-- ϕ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>B</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>+</mo>
<mi>cos</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mi>ϕ<!-- ϕ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>A</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mi>cos</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mi>ϕ<!-- ϕ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>B</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mi>cos</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mi>λ<!-- λ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>B</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<msub>
<mi>λ<!-- λ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>A</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo maxsize="1.623em" minsize="1.623em">)</mo>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd></mtd>
<mtd>
<mi></mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>arccos</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo maxsize="1.623em" minsize="1.623em">(</mo>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mi>sin</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msup>
<mn>52,517</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>∘<!-- ∘ --></mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mi>sin</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>35</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>,</mo>
</mrow>
<msup>
<mn>70</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>∘<!-- ∘ --></mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>+</mo>
<mi>cos</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msup>
<mn>52,517</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>∘<!-- ∘ --></mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mi>cos</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>35</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>,</mo>
</mrow>
<msup>
<mn>70</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>∘<!-- ∘ --></mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mi>cos</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msup>
<mn>139,767</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>∘<!-- ∘ --></mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>13</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>,</mo>
</mrow>
<msup>
<mn>40</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>∘<!-- ∘ --></mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo maxsize="1.623em" minsize="1.623em">)</mo>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd></mtd>
<mtd>
<mi></mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>arccos</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>0,793</mn>
<mn>53</mn>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mn>0,583</mn>
<mn>54</mn>
<mo>+</mo>
<mn>0,608</mn>
<mn>53</mn>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mn>0,812</mn>
<mn>08</mn>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>0,592</mn>
<mn>96</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd></mtd>
<mtd>
<mi></mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>arccos</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>0,170</mn>
<mn>0</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd></mtd>
<mtd>
<mi></mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<msup>
<mn>80,212</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>∘<!-- ∘ --></mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mtd>
</mtr>
</mtable>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}\,\zeta &amp;=\arccos {\Big (}\sin(\phi _{A})\sin(\phi _{B})+\cos(\phi _{A})\cos(\phi _{B})\cos(\lambda _{B}-\lambda _{A}){\Big )}\\&amp;=\arccos {\Big (}\sin(52{,}517^{\circ })\sin(35{,}70^{\circ })+\cos(52{,}517^{\circ })\cos(35{,}70^{\circ })\cos(139{,}767^{\circ }-13{,}40^{\circ }){\Big )}\\&amp;=\arccos(0{,}79353\cdot 0{,}58354+0{,}60853\cdot 0{,}81208\cdot (-0{,}59296))\\&amp;=\arccos(0{,}1700)\\&amp;=80{,}212^{\circ }\end{aligned}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/cdc1b8cfd50de635eb06dc8f263cdd74d4466e10.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -8.838ex; width:88.788ex; height:18.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}\,\zeta &amp;=\arccos {\Big (}\sin(\phi _{A})\sin(\phi _{B})+\cos(\phi _{A})\cos(\phi _{B})\cos(\lambda _{B}-\lambda _{A}){\Big )}\\&amp;=\arccos {\Big (}\sin(52{,}517^{\circ })\sin(35{,}70^{\circ })+\cos(52{,}517^{\circ })\cos(35{,}70^{\circ })\cos(139{,}767^{\circ }-13{,}40^{\circ }){\Big )}\\&amp;=\arccos(0{,}79353\cdot 0{,}58354+0{,}60853\cdot 0{,}81208\cdot (-0{,}59296))\\&amp;=\arccos(0{,}1700)\\&amp;=80{,}212^{\circ }\end{aligned}}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd>
<dd>bzw. <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \,\zeta =1{,}400}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mi>ζ<!-- ζ --></mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>1,400</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \,\zeta =1{,}400}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/e60916d5a9eb4d169d7dfa89f473b0064bdb6902.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:9.877ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \,\zeta =1{,}400}" loading="lazy"></span> im <a href="Bogenma%C3%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="Bogenmaß">Bogenmaß</a></dd></dl>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Streckenberechnung">Streckenberechnung</h3></div>
<p>Zur Vereinfachung wird von einer Erdkugel mit dem Umfang 40.000&nbsp;km bzw. dem Radius 6366&nbsp;km ausgegangen.
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}L&amp;={\frac {\zeta }{360^{\circ }}}\cdot 40\,000\ \mathrm {km} \\&amp;={\frac {80{,}212^{\circ }}{360^{\circ }}}\cdot 40\,000\ \mathrm {km} \\&amp;=8912\ \mathrm {km} \end{aligned}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mtable columnalign="right left right left right left right left right left right left" rowspacing="3pt" columnspacing="0em 2em 0em 2em 0em 2em 0em 2em 0em 2em 0em" displaystyle="true">
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mi>L</mi>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mi></mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mi>ζ<!-- ζ --></mi>
<msup>
<mn>360</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>∘<!-- ∘ --></mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mn>40</mn>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mn>000</mn>
<mtext>&nbsp;</mtext>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">k</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">m</mi>
</mrow>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd></mtd>
<mtd>
<mi></mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<msup>
<mn>80,212</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>∘<!-- ∘ --></mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
<msup>
<mn>360</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>∘<!-- ∘ --></mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mn>40</mn>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mn>000</mn>
<mtext>&nbsp;</mtext>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">k</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">m</mi>
</mrow>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd></mtd>
<mtd>
<mi></mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>8912</mn>
<mtext>&nbsp;</mtext>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">k</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">m</mi>
</mrow>
</mtd>
</mtr>
</mtable>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}L&amp;={\frac {\zeta }{360^{\circ }}}\cdot 40\,000\ \mathrm {km} \\&amp;={\frac {80{,}212^{\circ }}{360^{\circ }}}\cdot 40\,000\ \mathrm {km} \\&amp;=8912\ \mathrm {km} \end{aligned}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/2dcbf97a02246b00a545d2babec64d66b7cbaf1f.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -6.671ex; width:25.405ex; height:14.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}L&amp;={\frac {\zeta }{360^{\circ }}}\cdot 40\,000\ \mathrm {km} \\&amp;={\frac {80{,}212^{\circ }}{360^{\circ }}}\cdot 40\,000\ \mathrm {km} \\&amp;=8912\ \mathrm {km} \end{aligned}}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Oder für <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \,\zeta }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mi>ζ<!-- ζ --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \,\zeta }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/ac437a0081335ce8739dab91420f33c18c792ffd.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:1.482ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \,\zeta }" loading="lazy"></span> im <a href="Bogenma%C3%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="Bogenmaß">Bogenmaß</a>:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}L&amp;=\zeta \cdot 6366\ \mathrm {km} \\&amp;=8912\ \mathrm {km} \end{aligned}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mtable columnalign="right left right left right left right left right left right left" rowspacing="3pt" columnspacing="0em 2em 0em 2em 0em 2em 0em 2em 0em 2em 0em" displaystyle="true">
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mi>L</mi>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mi></mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>ζ<!-- ζ --></mi>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mn>6366</mn>
<mtext>&nbsp;</mtext>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">k</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">m</mi>
</mrow>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd></mtd>
<mtd>
<mi></mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>8912</mn>
<mtext>&nbsp;</mtext>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">k</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">m</mi>
</mrow>
</mtd>
</mtr>
</mtable>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}L&amp;=\zeta \cdot 6366\ \mathrm {km} \\&amp;=8912\ \mathrm {km} \end{aligned}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/b078103201d828aa97ab89917a6989adf4cd9cde.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.338ex; width:16.601ex; height:5.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}L&amp;=\zeta \cdot 6366\ \mathrm {km} \\&amp;=8912\ \mathrm {km} \end{aligned}}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Das sind aufgrund der idealisierten Geodaten selbstverständlich nur zwei Näherungen. Die tatsächliche Entfernung zwischen den beiden angegebenen Punkten in Berlin und Tokio kann bei Verwendung des <a href="WGS84" class="mw-redirect" title="WGS84">WGS84</a>-<a href="Referenzellipsoid" title="Referenzellipsoid">Referenzellipsoids</a> zu 8941,2 km genauer berechnet werden, also mit einer Abweichung von etwa 23 km oder 0,26&nbsp;% im Vergleich zur zweiten Näherung.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Genauere_Formel_zur_Abstandsberechnung_auf_der_Erde">Genauere Formel zur Abstandsberechnung auf der Erde</h2></div>
<p>Mit folgenden Formeln kann der Abstand zwischen zwei Standorten auf der Erde auf 50 Meter genau berechnet werden, siehe dazu auch <a href="Thaddeus_Vincenty" title="Thaddeus Vincenty">Thaddeus Vincenty</a>. Dabei wird keine Kugel, sondern das <a href="WGS84" class="mw-redirect" title="WGS84">WGS84</a>-Ellipsoid zugrunde gelegt. Sollten Koordinaten eines anderen <a href="Referenzellipsoid" title="Referenzellipsoid">Referenzellipsoids</a> verwendet werden, müssen die Parameter <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle a}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>a</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle a}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/ffd2487510aa438433a2579450ab2b3d557e5edc.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.23ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle a}" loading="lazy"></span> (Radius) und <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle f}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>f</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle f}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/132e57acb643253e7810ee9702d9581f159a1c61.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:1.279ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle f}" loading="lazy"></span> (<a href="Erdabplattung" title="Erdabplattung">Abplattung</a>) angepasst werden.
</p><p>Seien <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \phi _{A}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>ϕ<!-- ϕ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>A</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \phi _{A}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/5e38d84dcc21ea769a51ab502691f566c830b430.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.85ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \phi _{A}}" loading="lazy"></span> und <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \lambda _{A}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>λ<!-- λ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>A</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \lambda _{A}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/1a3bcf5b35ccd34136b0529d005ffa35e142f2da.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.82ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \lambda _{A}}" loading="lazy"></span> die geografische Breite und Länge von Standort A, <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \phi _{B}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>ϕ<!-- ϕ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>B</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \phi _{B}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/a829a7a85bb29904dec5e93605d0b976baf45755.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.865ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \phi _{B}}" loading="lazy"></span> und <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \lambda _{B}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>λ<!-- λ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>B</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \lambda _{B}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/fdd311fe1d407d5c51537b4b7fa8063053c7958f.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.835ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \lambda _{B}}" loading="lazy"></span> die geografische Breite und Länge von Standort B im Gradmaß. Der Abstand zwischen beiden Standorten berechnet sich wie folgt:
</p><p>Abplattung der Erde: <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle f={\frac {1}{298{,}257\,223\,563}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>f</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<mrow>
<mn>298,257</mn>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mn>223</mn>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mn>563</mn>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle f={\frac {1}{298{,}257\,223\,563}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/5aacd5894f9341baa45b14b67299142b29848aad.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.338ex; width:20.584ex; height:5.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle f={\frac {1}{298{,}257\,223\,563}}}" loading="lazy"></span>
</p><p>Äquatorradius der Erde: <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle a=6378{,}137\ \mathrm {km} }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>a</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>6378,137</mn>
<mtext>&nbsp;</mtext>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">k</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">m</mi>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle a=6378{,}137\ \mathrm {km} }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/b8122d0bdbfebae552af65f6494bad5bf199653d.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:16.856ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle a=6378{,}137\ \mathrm {km} }" loading="lazy"></span>
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle F={\frac {\phi _{A}+\phi _{B}}{2}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>F</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<msub>
<mi>ϕ<!-- ϕ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>A</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>+</mo>
<msub>
<mi>ϕ<!-- ϕ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>B</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
<mn>2</mn>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle F={\frac {\phi _{A}+\phi _{B}}{2}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/b73daa7ee9ce46a1439b3d97f888172de78d2588.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:14.231ex; height:5.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle F={\frac {\phi _{A}+\phi _{B}}{2}}}" loading="lazy"></span>, <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle G={\frac {\phi _{A}-\phi _{B}}{2}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>G</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<msub>
<mi>ϕ<!-- ϕ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>A</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<msub>
<mi>ϕ<!-- ϕ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>B</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
<mn>2</mn>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle G={\frac {\phi _{A}-\phi _{B}}{2}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/780d38169371d63a5c981d7b0a4070df44c0a21a.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:14.317ex; height:5.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle G={\frac {\phi _{A}-\phi _{B}}{2}}}" loading="lazy"></span>, <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle l={\frac {\lambda _{A}-\lambda _{B}}{2}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>l</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<msub>
<mi>λ<!-- λ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>A</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<msub>
<mi>λ<!-- λ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>B</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
<mn>2</mn>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle l={\frac {\lambda _{A}-\lambda _{B}}{2}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/3f984bdcd6b68782c8a2e1f1a933f74f40bfc7d8.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:13.123ex; height:5.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle l={\frac {\lambda _{A}-\lambda _{B}}{2}}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Zunächst wird der grobe Abstand D ermittelt:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle S=(\sin {G})^{2}\cdot (\cos {l})^{2}+(\cos {F})^{2}\cdot (\sin {l})^{2}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>S</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>sin</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>G</mi>
</mrow>
<msup>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>cos</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>l</mi>
</mrow>
<msup>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>+</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>cos</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>F</mi>
</mrow>
<msup>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>sin</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>l</mi>
</mrow>
<msup>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle S=(\sin {G})^{2}\cdot (\cos {l})^{2}+(\cos {F})^{2}\cdot (\sin {l})^{2}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/49f5052f525d6daa38dbbe280d665498fd81d9e3.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:40.686ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle S=(\sin {G})^{2}\cdot (\cos {l})^{2}+(\cos {F})^{2}\cdot (\sin {l})^{2}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd>
<dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle C=(\cos {G})^{2}\cdot (\cos {l})^{2}+(\sin {F})^{2}\cdot (\sin {l})^{2}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>C</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>cos</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>G</mi>
</mrow>
<msup>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>cos</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>l</mi>
</mrow>
<msup>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>+</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>sin</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>F</mi>
</mrow>
<msup>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>sin</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>l</mi>
</mrow>
<msup>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle C=(\cos {G})^{2}\cdot (\cos {l})^{2}+(\sin {F})^{2}\cdot (\sin {l})^{2}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/4af633ba971b2d5c8719a63afb0bf00646ce2514.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:40.953ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle C=(\cos {G})^{2}\cdot (\cos {l})^{2}+(\sin {F})^{2}\cdot (\sin {l})^{2}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd>
<dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle w=\arctan {\sqrt {\frac {S}{C}}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>w</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>arctan</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msqrt>
<mfrac>
<mi>S</mi>
<mi>C</mi>
</mfrac>
</msqrt>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle w=\arctan {\sqrt {\frac {S}{C}}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/52d3f120a556477311dc240b83b739993dba90f9.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.338ex; width:16.542ex; height:6.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle w=\arctan {\sqrt {\frac {S}{C}}}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd>
<dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle D=2\cdot w\cdot a}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>D</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>2</mn>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mi>w</mi>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mi>a</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle D=2\cdot w\cdot a}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/7170fed06e4ceaca1f4b7711c59b6383c5dd8cb8.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:12.437ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle D=2\cdot w\cdot a}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Dabei ist <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle w}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>w</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle w}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/88b1e0c8e1be5ebe69d18a8010676fa42d7961e6.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.664ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle w}" loading="lazy"></span> im <a href="Bogenma%C3%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="Bogenmaß">Bogenmaß</a> einzusetzen.
</p><p>Der Abstand <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle D}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>D</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle D}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f34a0c600395e5d4345287e21fb26efd386990e6.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.924ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle D}" loading="lazy"></span> wird durch die Faktoren <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle H_{1}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>H</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle H_{1}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/4d4d9a872a55b209f2eb7cc23a71e5e1541bd1f4.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.985ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle H_{1}}" loading="lazy"></span> und <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle H_{2}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>H</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle H_{2}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/7fa4324515cc7343ee952e3840a1bb1aa8c7f74c.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.985ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle H_{2}}" loading="lazy"></span> korrigiert:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle T={\frac {\sqrt {S\cdot C}}{w}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>T</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<msqrt>
<mi>S</mi>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mi>C</mi>
</msqrt>
<mi>w</mi>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle T={\frac {\sqrt {S\cdot C}}{w}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/2ea66d7562e5927fbe7aebd98f61875bf9e3d538.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:12.451ex; height:5.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle T={\frac {\sqrt {S\cdot C}}{w}}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd>
<dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle H_{1}={\frac {3\cdot T-1}{2\cdot C}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>H</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mn>3</mn>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mi>T</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mn>2</mn>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mi>C</mi>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle H_{1}={\frac {3\cdot T-1}{2\cdot C}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/434a549eb1103a4440095170e7b95ad52808ec1f.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.005ex; width:15.401ex; height:5.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle H_{1}={\frac {3\cdot T-1}{2\cdot C}}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd>
<dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle H_{2}={\frac {3\cdot T+1}{2\cdot S}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>H</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mn>3</mn>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mi>T</mi>
<mo>+</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mn>2</mn>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mi>S</mi>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle H_{2}={\frac {3\cdot T+1}{2\cdot S}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/a41558b60d95bcbda59b7131b25a29e1f5a5bdd2.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.005ex; width:15.401ex; height:5.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle H_{2}={\frac {3\cdot T+1}{2\cdot S}}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Der Abstand <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle s}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>s</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle s}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/01d131dfd7673938b947072a13a9744fe997e632.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.09ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle s}" loading="lazy"></span> in Kilometern berechnet sich abschließend wie folgt:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle s=D\cdot \left(1+f\cdot H_{1}\cdot (\sin {F})^{2}\cdot (\cos {G})^{2}-f\cdot H_{2}\cdot (\cos {F})^{2}\cdot (\sin {G})^{2}\right)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>s</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>D</mi>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>+</mo>
<mi>f</mi>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<msub>
<mi>H</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>sin</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>F</mi>
</mrow>
<msup>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>cos</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>G</mi>
</mrow>
<msup>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>f</mi>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<msub>
<mi>H</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>cos</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>F</mi>
</mrow>
<msup>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>sin</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>G</mi>
</mrow>
<msup>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle s=D\cdot \left(1+f\cdot H_{1}\cdot (\sin {F})^{2}\cdot (\cos {G})^{2}-f\cdot H_{2}\cdot (\cos {F})^{2}\cdot (\sin {G})^{2}\right)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/8cd3e8a337abc680b18751167d0bea631865a2e7.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:67.439ex; height:3.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle s=D\cdot \left(1+f\cdot H_{1}\cdot (\sin {F})^{2}\cdot (\cos {G})^{2}-f\cdot H_{2}\cdot (\cos {F})^{2}\cdot (\sin {G})^{2}\right)}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Berechnungsbeispiel_Berlin_–_Tokio"><span id="Berechnungsbeispiel_Berlin_.E2.80.93_Tokio"></span>Berechnungsbeispiel Berlin – Tokio</h3></div>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\begin{array}{lcl}\phi _{A}&amp;=&amp;52{,}516666666666667^{\circ }\\\lambda _{A}&amp;=&amp;13{,}400^{\circ }\\\phi _{B}&amp;=&amp;35{,}700^{\circ }\\\lambda _{B}&amp;=&amp;139{,}766666666666667^{\circ }\\\\f&amp;=&amp;0{,}00335281066474748\\a&amp;=&amp;6378{,}137\ \mathrm {km} \\F&amp;=&amp;44{,}108333333333333^{\circ }\\G&amp;=&amp;8{,}408333333333333^{\circ }\\l&amp;=&amp;-63{,}183333333333333^{\circ }\\S&amp;=&amp;0{,}41498261872684\\C&amp;=&amp;0{,}58501738127316\\w&amp;=&amp;0{,}699965690768276\\D&amp;=&amp;8928{,}9541420394\ \mathrm {km} \\T&amp;=&amp;0{,}70391883329502\\H_{1}&amp;=&amp;0{,}95019099899696\\H_{2}&amp;=&amp;3{,}74926124548527\\\\s&amp;=&amp;8941{,}20250458698\ \mathrm {km} \end{array}}}">
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<mtd></mtd>
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<mtd>
<mi>f</mi>
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<mn>0,003</mn>
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<mi>F</mi>
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<mn>44,108</mn>
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<mo>∘<!-- ∘ --></mo>
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<mo>∘<!-- ∘ --></mo>
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<mi>S</mi>
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<mtd>
<mn>0,414</mn>
<mn>98261872684</mn>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mi>C</mi>
</mtd>
<mtd>
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<mtd>
<mn>0,585</mn>
<mn>01738127316</mn>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mi>w</mi>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mo>=</mo>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mn>0,699</mn>
<mn>965690768276</mn>
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</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mi>D</mi>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\begin{array}{lcl}\phi _{A}&amp;=&amp;52{,}516666666666667^{\circ }\\\lambda _{A}&amp;=&amp;13{,}400^{\circ }\\\phi _{B}&amp;=&amp;35{,}700^{\circ }\\\lambda _{B}&amp;=&amp;139{,}766666666666667^{\circ }\\\\f&amp;=&amp;0{,}00335281066474748\\a&amp;=&amp;6378{,}137\ \mathrm {km} \\F&amp;=&amp;44{,}108333333333333^{\circ }\\G&amp;=&amp;8{,}408333333333333^{\circ }\\l&amp;=&amp;-63{,}183333333333333^{\circ }\\S&amp;=&amp;0{,}41498261872684\\C&amp;=&amp;0{,}58501738127316\\w&amp;=&amp;0{,}699965690768276\\D&amp;=&amp;8928{,}9541420394\ \mathrm {km} \\T&amp;=&amp;0{,}70391883329502\\H_{1}&amp;=&amp;0{,}95019099899696\\H_{2}&amp;=&amp;3{,}74926124548527\\\\s&amp;=&amp;8941{,}20250458698\ \mathrm {km} \end{array}}}</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/02e27599d675273a54ddd3b0f83ea25d2792643e.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -30.171ex; width:33.461ex; height:61.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\begin{array}{lcl}\phi _{A}&amp;=&amp;52{,}516666666666667^{\circ }\\\lambda _{A}&amp;=&amp;13{,}400^{\circ }\\\phi _{B}&amp;=&amp;35{,}700^{\circ }\\\lambda _{B}&amp;=&amp;139{,}766666666666667^{\circ }\\\\f&amp;=&amp;0{,}00335281066474748\\a&amp;=&amp;6378{,}137\ \mathrm {km} \\F&amp;=&amp;44{,}108333333333333^{\circ }\\G&amp;=&amp;8{,}408333333333333^{\circ }\\l&amp;=&amp;-63{,}183333333333333^{\circ }\\S&amp;=&amp;0{,}41498261872684\\C&amp;=&amp;0{,}58501738127316\\w&amp;=&amp;0{,}699965690768276\\D&amp;=&amp;8928{,}9541420394\ \mathrm {km} \\T&amp;=&amp;0{,}70391883329502\\H_{1}&amp;=&amp;0{,}95019099899696\\H_{2}&amp;=&amp;3{,}74926124548527\\\\s&amp;=&amp;8941{,}20250458698\ \mathrm {km} \end{array}}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Der Abstand <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle s}">
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<mi>s</mi>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle s}</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/01d131dfd7673938b947072a13a9744fe997e632.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.09ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle s}" loading="lazy"></span> ist also auf etwa 50 m genau zu 8.941,2 km bestimmt worden.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Loxodrome">Loxodrome</h2></div>


<p>Bei der <a href="Navigation" title="Navigation">Navigation</a> von Punkt A nach B mit einem <a href="Kompass" title="Kompass">Kompass</a> eignet sich die <a href="Loxodrome" title="Loxodrome">Loxodrome</a> besser, da sie die <a href="Meridian_(Geographie)" title="Meridian (Geographie)">Meridiane</a> immer im gleichen Winkel kreuzt, man also den einmal eingestellten (Kompass-)Kurs einfach beibehalten kann.
</p><p>Bei kurzen Strecken ist eine Loxodrome nur unwesentlich länger als eine Orthodrome. Bei hoher Breite und bei Entfernungen unterhalb von 30 Längengraden liegt der relative Längenunterschied bei weniger als 1&nbsp;%. Danach steigt er deutlich an. Eine Reise entlang des 50. Breitengrades über 180 Längengrade ist 45&nbsp;% länger als der Weg über einen Großkreis, der dann über den Pol verläuft.
</p>
<div style="clear:both;"></div>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Siehe_auch">Siehe auch</h2></div>
<ul><li><a href="Geod%C3%A4te" title="Geodäte">Geodätische Linie (Geodäte)</a></li>
<li><a href="Abweitung" title="Abweitung">Abweitung</a></li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Weblinks">Weblinks</h2></div>
<div class="sisterproject" style="margin:0.1em 0 0 0;"><div class="noresize noviewer" style="display:inline-block; line-height:10px; min-width:1.6em; text-align:center;" aria-hidden="true" role="presentation"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons"></span></span></div><b><span class=""><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Great_circle?uselang=de"><span lang="en">Commons</span>: Orthodrome</a></span></b>&nbsp;– Sammlung von Bildern, Videos und Audiodateien</div>
<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://geographiclib.sourceforge.net/cgi-bin/GeodSolve">Berechnung von Entfernung und Anfangskurs für beliebige Rotationsellipsoide</a> (englisch)</li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gc.kls2.com/">Great Circle Mapper</a> – Great Circle mapper including <a href="ETOPS" title="ETOPS">ETOPS</a> ranges (englisch)</li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.netzwolf.info/ol2/geodetic.html">Erweitertes Messwerkzeug</a> – mit Vergleich von Orthodrome und Loxodrome zwischen zwei Punkten auf <a href="Openstreetmap" class="mw-redirect" title="Openstreetmap">OSM</a>-Weltkarte</li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kompf.de/trekka/distance.php">Entfernungsberechnung zwischen zwei Orten der Erde</a> – auf Basis einer idealen Kugel mit einem Radius von 6378,388 km.</li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://terrestrialnavigation.com/TNavigation/MenueGreatCircle">Ausführliche Großkreisberechnung für die Praxis (englisch)</a> – Orthodrome und Loxodrome Distanz, Anfangs und Endkurs, Mischsegeln, Etmal, Meridianschnittpunkte</li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Literatur">Literatur</h2></div>
<ul><li>J. Meeus: <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.agopax.it/Libri_astronomia/pdf/Astronomical%20Algorithms.pdf">Astronomical Algorithms</a>.</i> , <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/item/LJDY7OVNHYX345VMT4RNKQIHLJ2GXVJZ">Astronomische Algorithmen (Deutsch)</a> 2. Auflage. Willmann-Bell, Richmond 2000, ISBN 0-943396-61-1, S. 85.</li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Einzelnachweise">Einzelnachweise</h2></div>
<ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="Wilhelm_Pape" title="Wilhelm Pape">Wilhelm Pape</a>, Max Sengebusch (Bearb.): <cite style="font-style:italic">Handwörterbuch der griechischen Sprache</cite>. 3. Auflage, 6. Abdruck. Vieweg &amp; Sohn, Braunschweig 1914 (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.zeno.org/nid/2000866918X">zeno.org</a> [abgerufen am 3.&nbsp;August 2024]).<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Orthodrome&amp;rft.au=Wilhelm+Pape%2C+Max+Sengebusch+%28Bearb.%29&amp;rft.btitle=Handw%C3%B6rterbuch+der+griechischen+Sprache&amp;rft.date=1914&amp;rft.edition=3.+Auflage%2C+6.+Abdruck&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.place=Braunschweig&amp;rft.pub=Vieweg+%26+Sohn" style="display:none">&nbsp;</span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Ilʹja N. Bronštejn: <cite style="font-style:italic">Taschenbuch der Mathematik</cite>. 11., aktualisierte Auflage. Haan-Gruiten 2020, ISBN 978-3-8085-5792-1, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em">&nbsp;</span>172</span> (Abweichende Bezeichnungen).<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Orthodrome&amp;rft.au=Il%CA%B9ja+N.+Bron%C5%A1tejn&amp;rft.btitle=Taschenbuch+der+Mathematik&amp;rft.date=2020&amp;rft.edition=11.%2C+aktualisierte&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=9783808557921&amp;rft.pages=172&amp;rft.place=Haan-Gruiten" style="display:none">&nbsp;</span></span>
</li>
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